Quartzite Rock Geology and Uses

Quartzite is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock that consists mostly of quartz. Its usually a white to pale gray rock, but occurs in other colors, including red and pink (from iron oxide), yellow, blue, green, and orange. The rock has a grainy surface with a sandpaper texture, but polishes to a glassy shine. Key Takeaways: Quartzite Rock Quartzite is a hard, nonfoliated metamorphic rock formed by the action of heat and pressure upon sandstone.Usually, the rock is white or gray, but it occurs in other pale colors. It has a grainy, rough surface. Magnification reveals a mosaic of quartz crystals.Pure quartzite consists entirely of silicon dioxide, but usually iron oxide and trace minerals are present.Quartzite occurs in folded mountain ranges at convergent plate boundaries worldwide. How Quartzite Forms Quartzite forms when pure or nearly pure quartz sandstone undergoes heating and pressure. Usually this is caused by tectonic compression. The sand grains of sandstone melt and recrystallize, cemented together by silica. Quartzite arenite is the intermediate stage between sandstone and quartzite. Arenite is still considered to be a sedimentary rock, but it has an extremely high quartz content. However, its difficult to identify the transition from sandstone to quartzite. Some geologists use the term quartzite to refer to metamorphic rocks consisting almost exclusively of quartz. Here, quartzite is identified by the way it fractures across grain boundaries, while arenite breaks around them. Other geologists simply identify quartzite as a tightly-cemented rock found above or below a band of sedimentary quartz rock. Quartzite Composition Quartzite consists almost entirely of silicon dioxide, SiO2. If the purity is about 99% SiO2, the rock is called orthquartzite. Otherwise, quartzite commonly contains iron oxide and may contain trace amounts of the minerals rutile, zircon, and magnetite. Quartzite may contain fossils. Properties Quartzite has a Mohs hardness of 7, which is comparable to that of quartz and considerably harder than sandstone. Like glass and obsidian, it breaks with a conchoidal fracture. Its coarse texture makes it difficult to hone to a fine edge. Under magnification, quartzites interlocking crystal structure becomes apparent. Magnified thin section of quartzite displays its mineralogy. Jackdaan88 Where to Find Quartzite Quartzite forms at convergent tectonic plate boundaries. Converging plates bury sandstone and exert compression. As the boundary folds, mountains arise. Thus, quartzite is found in folded mountain ranges worldwide. While erosion weathers softer rock away, quartzite remains, forming peaks and cliffs. The rock also litters mountain sides as scree. Quartzite cliffs surround Lake Oberon in Tasmania, Australia. Whitworth Images / Getty Images In the United States, you can find quartzite in eastern South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, the Wasatch Range of Utah, the Baraboo Range of Wisconsin, Central Texas, near Washington, D.C., portions of Pennsylvania, and the mountains of Arizona and California. The town of Quartzite in Arizona takes its name from the rock in the nearby mountains. Quartzite occurs throughout the United Kingdom, the La Cloche Mountains in Canada, the Rhenish Massif in Continental Europe, Brazil, Poland, and the Chimanimani Plateau of Mozambique. Uses Quartzites strength and toughness lends itself to many uses. Crushed quartzite is used in road construction and for railway ballast. It is used to make roofing tiles, stairs, and flooring. When cut and polished, the rock is quite beautiful, as well as durable. It is used to make kitchen countertops and decorative walls. High-purity quartzite is used to make silica sand, ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, and silicon. Paleolithic humans sometimes made stone tools out of quartzite, although it was harder to work than flint or obsidian. Quartzite Versus Quartz and Marble Quartzite is a metamorphic rock, while quartz is an igneous rock that crystallizes from magma or precipiates around hydrothermal vents. Sandstone under pressure becomes quartz arenite and quartzite, but quartzite does not become quartz. The construction industry further complicates the matter. If you buy quartz for countertops, it is actually an engineered material made from crushed quartz, resin, and pigments and not the natural rock. Another rock commonly confused with quartzite is marble. Both quartzite and marble tend to be pale-colored, non-foliated rock. Despite having a similar appearance, marble is a metamorphic rock made from recrystallized carbonate minerals, not silicates. Marble is softer than quartzite. An excellent test to distinguish the two is to apply a bit of vinegar or lemon juice to the rock. Quartzite is impervious to weak acid etching, but marble will bubble and retain a mark. Sources Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic (2nd ed.). Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-2438-3.Gottman, John W. (1979). Wasatch quartzite: A guide to climbing in the Wasatch Mountains. Wasatch Mountain Club. ISBN 0-915272-23-7.Krukowski, Stanley T. (2006). Specialty Silica Materials. In Jessica Elzea Kogel; Nikhil C. Trivedi; James M. Barker; Stanley T. Krukowski. Industrial minerals rocks: commodities, markets, and uses (7 ed.). Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (U.S.). ISBN 0-87335-233-5.Marshak, Stephen (2016). Essentials of Geology (5th ed.). W. W. Norton Company. ISBN 978-0393601107.

Malleus Maleficarum Essay - 1607 Words

Malleus Maleficarum Heinrich Kramer, a Dominican friar, wrote the Malleus Maleficarum in 1486. He believed witches to be â€Å"members of a vast conspiracy directed against Christian society that was allowed by God to cause immense physical and spiritual hardship† (Behringer 716). Therefore, Kramer believed the real way to rid witches was through physical eradication. The start of the manuscript came from his experience in witchcraft trials in Upper Germany. Kramer’s views on witchcraft and activities weren’t well received wherever he went, particularly authorities that believed he was merely interfering with the local administration. Annoyed at the opposition, he obtained papal rights for Pope Innocent VIII’s witchcraft prosecutions through†¦show more content†¦Also, all witchcraft stems from carnal lust, a quality insatiable to women. Based upon Augustine and Aquinas, Kramer gives a conventional description of the crime of witchcraft: â€Å"witches could not themselves harm anyone through magic, but their abilities derived from a contract with a demon, which in turn was empowered by God† (Behringer 720). Although the premise of the contract is not discussed in detail, there is the explicit pact, which may be the literal signing of a contract and specific subjugation to the devil and the implicit pact, which is carried out whenever magic is practiced. By selling ones soul, one comes under the control of the devil, who is consequently under the control of God. Even though still under God’s ultimate control, allegiance to the devil is very much the opposite of allegiance to God. Since most of the Malleus is composed of unoriginal ideas, it would be important to focus on Kramer’s own ideas. This starts with Kramer’s belief that witchcraft was a real crime and not a spiritual one. 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Knowledge Audits for Business Analysis Continues Increase

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Audits for Business Analysis for Continues Increase. Answer: Discussion: The article highlights continues increase in the significance of social media in the business processes. The article highlights that it has become necessary for all the organizations to utilize social media to gain competitive advantage in the market. Reflection: From the article, I understand that social media has become an integral part for all the organizations. I also able to assessed that if an organization fails to utilize social media in an effective manner, it will definitely create adverse impact on the organizational success. Title: Positive impact of social media Discussion: The video emphasis on the kind positive impact social media can have on the success of the organizations. The video also has mentioned that positive impact of social media has helped many organizations to gain competitive advantage in the market. It also highlights the fact that social media helps organizations to gain popularity in the market. Reflection: From the video, I have learned that social media can create several positive impacts on the organizational success. I have also assessed that social media help organizations to develop proper communication structure with the potential customers. Therefore, it helps organizations to improve its operational process. Title: Negative aspect of social media Discussion: The video link highlights the fact that social media can also create several negative impacts on fulfilling the objective of the organizations. Therefore, the article mentioned that it is necessary for the organizations to select the best way to utilize social media so that it can able to provide desired level Reflection: From the video link, I have identified the kind of negative impact that social media can have on the success level of the organizations. Therefore, I believe that organizations will have to careful about the kind of marketing strategy they select for the effective utilization of social media. Title: Effective marketing technique on social media Link:https://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2013/10/06/how-to-build-an-effective-social-marketing-strategy/#3698d6aa5a45 Discussion: The article highlights different types of marketing techniques that organizations can utilize to gain competitive advantage in the market. The article has mentioned several types of techniques like direct communication with the customers, encouraging people to share their views and thoughts on the social media platforms so that it can able to competitive advantage in the market. Reflection: I have identified that it is important for all the organizations to consider different techniques at the time of utilizing social media to gain competitive advantage in the market. I understand that not every technique might be hugely effective for all the organizations. Discussion: The video link analyzes how promotional technique in social media differs from traditional marketing technique. The video also mentioned that social media marketing technique could actually influence many people compared to any traditional marketing techniques. Reflection: From the video link, I have understood the fact that promotional campaign on social media is completely different from the traditional promotional techniques. Therefore, I believe that it can create difficulties for the organizations to utilize social media in an appropriate way. References: Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2013/10/06/how-to-build-an-effective-social-marketing-strategy/#3698d6aa5a45 [Accessed 1 Sep. 2016]. Northeastern.edu. (2016).3Qs: The social impact of social networks | news @ Northeastern. [online] Available at: https://www.northeastern.edu/news/2012/10/3qs-the-social-impact-of-social-networks/ [Accessed 1 Sep. 2016]. YouTube. (2016).Negative effects of social media. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0Jj_lJ9Vss [Accessed 1 Sep. 2016]. YouTube. (2016).The Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMQ2kmGrxCs [Accessed 1 Sep. 2016]. YouTube. (2016).Traditional Marketing vs Digital Marketing | Official Comparison. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWQarDZTtYw [Accessed 1 Sep. 2016].